Condition: New
Warranty: 1.5 years
Shape: Cylindrical Gear
Applicable Industries: Manufacturing Plant, Machinery Repair Shops, Motorcycle
Weight (KG): 2
Showroom Location: None
Video outgoing-inspection: Provided
Machinery Test Report: Provided
Marketing Type: Custom Product
Warranty of core components: 3 years
Core Components: Gear
Standard or Nonstandard: Standard
Tooth Profile: HELICAL GEAR
Material: Steel
Processing: Forging
Technology: Hobbing and Grinding (6 ISO 1328)
Macro Hardness: 58~63HRC
Core Hardness: 25~45HRC
Surface Treatment: Shot Blasting
Service: OEM & ODM
Supply Ability (pcs/ sets per month ): 20000
Certificates: IATF16949
Terms of payment: FOB / CIF
Packaging Details: Outer Packing:Carton Shippment Packing:Case
Port: Any port of China
Products Description
| Item Name | Gear Balancer |
| Size | Customization 1. Disc parts: Outer diameter φ300max × Modulus 1~52. Shaft parts: Outer diameter φ70max × Length 400max × Modules 1~5 |
| Technology | Gear hobbing and shaving(7 ISO 1328) |
| Macro Hardness | 58~63HRC |
| Core Hardness | 25~45HRC |
| Surface Treatment | Shot Blasting |
| Certificates | IATF16949 |
| Service | OEM & ODM |
| MOQ(pcs/ sets) | 20 |
| Supply Ability (pcs/ sets per month ) | 20000 |
The Difference Between Planetary Gears and Spur Gears
A spur gear is a type of mechanical drive that turns an external shaft. The angular velocity is proportional to the rpm and can be easily calculated from the gear ratio. However, to properly calculate angular velocity, it is necessary to know the number of teeth. Fortunately, there are several different types of spur gears. Here’s an overview of their main features. This article also discusses planetary gears, which are smaller, more robust, and more power-dense.
Planetary gears are a type of spur gear
One of the most significant differences between planetary gears and spurgears is the way that the two share the load. Planetary gears are much more efficient than spurgears, enabling high torque transfer in a small space. This is because planetary gears have multiple teeth instead of just one. They are also suitable for intermittent and constant operation. This article will cover some of the main benefits of planetary gears and their differences from spurgears.
While spur gears are more simple than planetary gears, they do have some key differences. In addition to being more basic, they do not require any special cuts or angles. Moreover, the tooth shape of spur gears is much more complex than those of planetary gears. The design determines where the teeth make contact and how much power is available. However, a planetary gear system will be more efficient if the teeth are lubricated internally.
In a planetary gear, there are three shafts: a sun gear, a planet carrier, and an external ring gear. A planetary gear is designed to allow the motion of one shaft to be arrested, while the other two work simultaneously. In addition to two-shaft operation, planetary gears can also be used in three-shaft operations, which are called temporary three-shaft operations. Temporary three-shaft operations are possible through frictional coupling.
Among the many benefits of planetary gears is their adaptability. As the load is shared between several planet gears, it is easier to switch gear ratios, so you do not need to purchase a new gearbox for every new application. Another major benefit of planetary gears is that they are highly resistant to high shock loads and demanding conditions. This means that they are used in many industries.
They are more robust
An epicyclic gear train is a type of transmission that uses concentric axes for input and output. This type of transmission is often used in vehicles with automatic transmissions, such as a Lamborghini Gallardo. It is also used in hybrid cars. These types of transmissions are also more robust than conventional planetary gears. However, they require more assembly time than a conventional parallel shaft gear.
An epicyclic gearing system has three basic components: an input, an output, and a carrier. The number of teeth in each gear determines the ratio of input rotation to output rotation. In some cases, an epicyclic gear system can be made with two planets. A third planet, known as the carrier, meshes with the second planet and the sun gear to provide reversibility. A ring gear is made of several components, and a planetary gear may contain many gears.
An epicyclic gear train can be built so that the planet gear rolls inside the pitch circle of an outer fixed gear ring, or “annular gear.” In such a case, the curve of the planet’s pitch circle is called a hypocycloid. When epicycle gear trains are used in combination with a sun gear, the planetary gear train is made up of both types. The sun gear is usually fixed, while the ring gear is driven.
Planetary gearing, also known as epicyclic gear, is more durable than other types of transmissions. Because planets are evenly distributed around the sun, they have an even distribution of gears. Because they are more robust, they can handle higher torques, reductions, and overhung loads. They are also more energy-dense and robust. In addition, planetary gearing is often able to be converted to various ratios.
They are more power dense
The planet gear and ring gear of a compound planetary transmission are epicyclic stages. One part of the planet gear meshes with the sun gear, while the other part of the gear drives the ring gear. Coast tooth flanks are used only when the gear drive works in reversed load direction. Asymmetry factor optimization equalizes the contact stress safety factors of a planetary gear. The permissible contact stress, sHPd, and the maximum operating contact stress (sHPc) are equalized by asymmetry factor optimization.
In addition, epicyclic gears are generally smaller and require fewer space than helical ones. They are commonly used as differential gears in speed frames and in looms, where they act as a Roper positive let off. They differ in the amount of overdrive and undergearing ratio they possess. The overdrive ratio varies from fifteen percent to forty percent. In contrast, the undergearing ratio ranges from 0.87:1 to 69%.
The TV7-117S turboprop engine gearbox is the first known application of epicyclic gears with asymmetric teeth. This gearbox was developed by the CZPT Corporation for the Ilyushin Il-114 turboprop plane. The TV7-117S’s gearbox arrangement consists of a first planetary-differential stage with three planet gears and a second solar-type coaxial stage with five planet gears. This arrangement gives epicyclic gears the highest power density.
Planetary gearing is more robust and power-dense than other types of gearing. They can withstand higher torques, reductions, and overhung loads. Their unique self-aligning properties also make them highly versatile in rugged applications. It is also more compact and lightweight. In addition to this, epicyclic gears are easier to manufacture than planetary gears. And as a bonus, they are much less expensive.
They are smaller
Epicyclic gears are small mechanical devices that have a central “sun” gear and one or more outer intermediate gears. These gears are held in a carrier or ring gear and have multiple mesh considerations. The system can be sized and speeded by dividing the required ratio by the number of teeth per gear. This process is known as gearing and is used in many types of gearing systems.
Planetary gears are also known as epicyclic gearing. They have input and output shafts that are coaxially arranged. Each planet contains a gear wheel that meshes with the sun gear. These gears are small and easy to manufacture. Another advantage of epicyclic gears is their robust design. They are easily converted into different ratios. They are also highly efficient. In addition, planetary gear trains can be designed to operate in multiple directions.
Another advantage of epicyclic gearing is their reduced size. They are often used for small-scale applications. The lower cost is associated with the reduced manufacturing time. Epicyclic gears should not be made on N/C milling machines. The epicyclic carrier should be cast and tooled on a single-purpose machine, which has several cutters cutting through material. The epicyclic carrier is smaller than the epicyclic gear.
Epicyclic gearing systems consist of three basic components: an input, an output, and a stationary component. The number of teeth in each gear determines the ratio of input rotation to output rotation. Typically, these gear sets are made of three separate pieces: the input gear, the output gear, and the stationary component. Depending on the size of the input and output gear, the ratio between the two components is greater than half.
They have higher gear ratios
The differences between epicyclic gears and regular, non-epicyclic gears are significant for many different applications. In particular, epicyclic gears have higher gear ratios. The reason behind this is that epicyclic gears require multiple mesh considerations. The epicyclic gears are designed to calculate the number of load application cycles per unit time. The sun gear, for example, is +1300 RPM. The planet gear, on the other hand, is +1700 RPM. The ring gear is also +1400 RPM, as determined by the number of teeth in each gear.
Torque is the twisting force of a gear, and the bigger the gear, the higher the torque. However, since the torque is also proportional to the size of the gear, bigger radii result in lower torque. In addition, smaller radii do not move cars faster, so the higher gear ratios do not move at highway speeds. The tradeoff between speed and torque is the gear ratio.
Planetary gears use multiple mechanisms to increase the gear ratio. Those using epicyclic gears have multiple gear sets, including a sun, a ring, and two planets. Moreover, the planetary gears are based on helical, bevel, and spur gears. In general, the higher gear ratios of epicyclic gears are superior to those of planetary gears.
Another example of planetary gears is the compound planet. This gear design has two different-sized gears on either end of a common casting. The large end engages the sun while the smaller end engages the annulus. The compound planets are sometimes necessary to achieve smaller steps in gear ratio. As with any gear, the correct alignment of planet pins is essential for proper operation. If the planets are not aligned properly, it may result in rough running or premature breakdown.
editor by Cx 2023-07-06
China WP Series reduction Motor WPEX Worm Gear Speed Reducer Hollow Output Shaft Gear Box gear patrol
Guarantee: 1year
Applicable Industries: Building Material Outlets, Manufacturing Plant, Equipment Repair Outlets, Farms, Retail, Printing Outlets, Power & Mining, Advertising and marketing Business
Weight (KG): 19 KG
Personalized assist: OEM, ODM
Gearing Arrangement: Worm
Output Torque: sixty three-6050N.m
Enter Velocity: 15/8822 0571 for Rotary Drilling Rig Principal Winch Reducer CZPT CZPT CZPT CZPT YBF collection of helical equipment pace reducers,GM series of equipment motors and the specific personalized of reducers are major in the electricity gearbox manufacturing industries.5. what providers can we give?Approved Delivery Terms: FOB,CFR,CIF,EXW,DDP,DDU,Categorical Shipping,DAF；Accepted Payment Currency:USD,EUR,CNYAccepted Payment Variety: T/T,L/C,D/P D/A,MoneyGram,Credit Card,PayPal,Western Union,Cash,EscrowLanguage Spoken:English,Chinese,Spanish,Japanese,Portuguese, Precision Design and style Rack and Sets Rack and Pinion Linear Xihu (West Lake) Dis. Pinion Equipment German,French,Russian
How to Design a Forging Spur Gear
Before you start designing your own spur gear, you need to understand its main components. Among them are Forging, Keyway, Spline, Set screw and other types. Understanding the differences between these types of spur gears is essential for making an informed decision. To learn more, keep reading. Also, don’t hesitate to contact me for assistance! Listed below are some helpful tips and tricks to design a spur gear. Hopefully, they will help you design the spur gear of your dreams.
Forging spur gears
Forging spur gears is one of the most important processes of automotive transmission components. The manufacturing process is complex and involves several steps, such as blank spheroidizing, hot forging, annealing, phosphating, and saponification. The material used for spur gears is typically 20CrMnTi. The process is completed by applying a continuous through extrusion forming method with dies designed for the sizing band length L and Splitting angle thickness T.
The process of forging spur gears can also use polyacetal (POM), a strong plastic commonly used for the manufacture of gears. This material is easy to mold and shape, and after hardening, it is extremely stiff and abrasion resistant. A number of metals and alloys are used for spur gears, including forged steel, stainless steel, and aluminum. Listed below are the different types of materials used in gear manufacturing and their advantages and disadvantages.
A spur gear’s tooth size is measured in modules, or m. Each number represents the number of teeth in the gear. As the number of teeth increases, so does its size. In general, the higher the number of teeth, the larger the module is. A high module gear has a large pressure angle. It’s also important to remember that spur gears must have the same module as the gears they are used to drive.
Set screw spur gears
A modern industry cannot function without set screw spur gears. These gears are highly efficient and are widely used in a variety of applications. Their design involves the calculation of speed and torque, which are both critical factors. The MEP model, for instance, considers the changing rigidity of a tooth pair along its path. The results are used to determine the type of spur gear required. Listed below are some tips for choosing a spur gear:
Type A. This type of gear does not have a hub. The gear itself is flat with a small hole in the middle. Set screw gears are most commonly used for lightweight applications without loads. The metal thickness can range from 0.25 mm to 3 mm. Set screw gears are also used for large machines that need to be strong and durable. This article provides an introduction to the different types of spur gears and how they differ from one another.
Pin Hub. Pin hub spur gears use a set screw to secure the pin. These gears are often connected to a shaft by dowel, spring, or roll pins. The pin is drilled to the precise diameter to fit inside the gear, so that it does not come loose. Pin hub spur gears have high tolerances, as the hole is not large enough to completely grip the shaft. This type of gear is generally the most expensive of the three.
Keyway spur gears
In today’s modern industry, spur gear transmissions are widely used to transfer power. These types of transmissions provide excellent efficiency but can be susceptible to power losses. These losses must be estimated during the design process. A key component of this analysis is the calculation of the contact area (2b) of the gear pair. However, this value is not necessarily applicable to every spur gear. Here are some examples of how to calculate this area. (See Figure 2)
Spur gears are characterized by having teeth parallel to the shafts and axis, and a pitch line velocity of up to 25 m/s is considered high. In addition, they are more efficient than helical gears of the same size. Unlike helical gears, spur gears are generally considered positive gears. They are often used for applications in which noise control is not an issue. The symmetry of the spur gear makes them especially suitable for applications where a constant speed is required.
Besides using a helical spur gear for the transmission, the gear can also have a standard tooth shape. Unlike helical gears, spur gears with an involute tooth form have thick roots, which prevents wear from the teeth. These gears are easily made with conventional production tools. The involute shape is an ideal choice for small-scale production and is one of the most popular types of spur gears.
Spline spur gears
When considering the types of spur gears that are used, it’s important to note the differences between the two. A spur gear, also called an involute gear, generates torque and regulates speed. It’s most common in car engines, but is also used in everyday appliances. However, one of the most significant drawbacks of spur gears is their noise. Because spur gears mesh only one tooth at a time, they create a high amount of stress and noise, making them unsuitable for everyday use.
The contact stress distribution chart represents the flank area of each gear tooth and the distance in both the axial and profile direction. A high contact area is located toward the center of the gear, which is caused by the micro-geometry of the gear. A positive l value indicates that there is no misalignment of the spline teeth on the interface with the helix hand. The opposite is true for negative l values.
Using an upper bound technique, Abdul and Dean studied the forging of spur gear forms. They assumed that the tooth profile would be a straight line. They also examined the non-dimensional forging pressure of a spline. Spline spur gears are commonly used in motors, gearboxes, and drills. The strength of spur gears and splines is primarily dependent on their radii and tooth diameter.
SUS303 and SUS304 stainless steel spur gears
Stainless steel spur gears are manufactured using different techniques, which depend on the material and the application. The most common process used in manufacturing them is cutting. Other processes involve rolling, casting, and forging. In addition, plastic spur gears are produced by injection molding, depending on the quantity of production required. SUS303 and SUS304 stainless steel spur gears can be made using a variety of materials, including structural carbon steel S45C, gray cast iron FC200, nonferrous metal C3604, engineering plastic MC901, and stainless steel.
The differences between 304 and 303 stainless steel spur gears lie in their composition. The two types of stainless steel share a common design, but have varying chemical compositions. China and Japan use the letters SUS304 and SUS303, which refer to their varying degrees of composition. As with most types of stainless steel, the two different grades are made to be used in industrial applications, such as planetary gears and spur gears.
Stainless steel spur gears
There are several things to look for in a stainless steel spur gear, including the diametral pitch, the number of teeth per unit diameter, and the angular velocity of the teeth. All of these aspects are critical to the performance of a spur gear, and the proper dimensional measurements are essential to the design and functionality of a spur gear. Those in the industry should be familiar with the terms used to describe spur gear parts, both to ensure clarity in production and in purchase orders.
A spur gear is a type of precision cylindrical gear with parallel teeth arranged in a rim. It is used in various applications, such as outboard motors, winches, construction equipment, lawn and garden equipment, turbine drives, pumps, centrifuges, and a variety of other machines. A spur gear is typically made from stainless steel and has a high level of durability. It is the most commonly used type of gear.
Stainless steel spur gears can come in many different shapes and sizes. Stainless steel spur gears are generally made of SUS304 or SUS303 stainless steel, which are used for their higher machinability. These gears are then heat-treated with nitriding or tooth surface induction. Unlike conventional gears, which need tooth grinding after heat-treating, stainless steel spur gears have a low wear rate and high machinability.
editor by czh 2023-03-06
China China Custom big Industrial Speed Sumitomo Reducer Gear Box Motor Transmission Systems with Good quality
Guarantee: 1 calendar year
Relevant Industries: Constructing Content Outlets, Manufacturing Plant, Equipment Restore Shops, Meals & Beverage Manufacturing facility, Printing Stores, Development works , Strength & Mining, bucket elevator, conveyors, air flow, cooling tower, metal, sugar mill, rolling mill
Fat (KG): 200 KG
Customized support: OEM, JAC hefty truck 9JS150T-B Gearbox Assembly truck spare areas for Tractor truckDump truckCargo truck ODM
Gearing Arrangement: Helical
Output Torque: Up to 900,000Nm
Enter Speed: 1500,1000,750r/min
Output Speed: 1.7~1200r/min
Equipment Material: 20CrMnTi/40Cr
Mounting Situation: Horizontal, Vertical Mounting
Input Sort: Input Strong Shaft or motor flange
Warmth remedy: 58-62 HRC
Housing: Welding, Solid Iron HT250/two hundred
Noise: 80-90Db
Sealing: Made-in-ZheJiang , Large top quality domestic
bearing: HRB, higher quality domestic
Certificate: CE, ISO9001
Accosseries: Oil Pump, Cooling Supporter, External lubrications
Packaging Specifics: Robust wood circumstances and pallets
Port: HangZhou or ZheJiang
China Custom massive Industrial Velocity Sumitomo Reducer Gear Box Motor Transmission Techniques
| H/B Sequence Industrial Helical Equipment Units | ||||||||
| Measurements: 1/2/3/4/5…26 | ||||||||
| Power Pone 2.2…5366kw | ||||||||
| Output Torque TN2 Up to 900KNm | ||||||||
| Output Velocity n2 one.25…450r/min | ||||||||
How to Compare Different Types of Spur Gears
When comparing different types of spur gears, there are several important considerations to take into account. The main considerations include the following: Common applications, Pitch diameter, and Addendum circle. Here we will look at each of these factors in more detail. This article will help you understand what each type of spur gear can do for you. Whether you’re looking to power an electric motor or a construction machine, the right gear for the job will make the job easier and save you money in the long run.
Common applications
Among its many applications, a spur gear is widely used in airplanes, trains, and bicycles. It is also used in ball mills and crushers. Its high speed-low torque capabilities make it ideal for a variety of applications, including industrial machines. The following are some of the common uses for spur gears. Listed below are some of the most common types. While spur gears are generally quiet, they do have their limitations.
A spur gear transmission can be external or auxiliary. These units are supported by front and rear casings. They transmit drive to the accessory units, which in turn move the machine. The drive speed is typically between 5000 and 6000 rpm or 20,000 rpm for centrifugal breathers. For this reason, spur gears are typically used in large machinery. To learn more about spur gears, watch the following video.
The pitch diameter and diametral pitch of spur gears are important parameters. A diametral pitch, or ratio of teeth to pitch diameter, is important in determining the center distance between two spur gears. The center distance between two spur gears is calculated by adding the radius of each pitch circle. The addendum, or tooth profile, is the height by which a tooth projects above the pitch circle. Besides pitch, the center distance between two spur gears is measured in terms of the distance between their centers.
Another important feature of a spur gear is its low speed capability. It can produce great power even at low speeds. However, if noise control is not a priority, a helical gear is preferable. Helical gears, on the other hand, have teeth arranged in the opposite direction of the axis, making them quieter. However, when considering the noise level, a helical gear will work better in low-speed situations.
Construction
The construction of spur gear begins with the cutting of the gear blank. The gear blank is made of a pie-shaped billet and can vary in size, shape, and weight. The cutting process requires the use of dies to create the correct gear geometry. The gear blank is then fed slowly into the screw machine until it has the desired shape and size. A steel gear blank, called a spur gear billet, is used in the manufacturing process.
A spur gear consists of two parts: a centre bore and a pilot hole. The addendum is the circle that runs along the outermost points of a spur gear’s teeth. The root diameter is the diameter at the base of the tooth space. The plane tangent to the pitch surface is called the pressure angle. The total diameter of a spur gear is equal to the addendum plus the dedendum.
The pitch circle is a circle formed by a series of teeth and a diametrical division of each tooth. The pitch circle defines the distance between two meshed gears. The center distance is the distance between the gears. The pitch circle diameter is a crucial factor in determining center distances between two mating spur gears. The center distance is calculated by adding the radius of each gear’s pitch circle. The dedendum is the height of a tooth above the pitch circle.
Other considerations in the design process include the material used for construction, surface treatments, and number of teeth. In some cases, a standard off-the-shelf gear is the most appropriate choice. It will meet your application needs and be a cheaper alternative. The gear will not last for long if it is not lubricated properly. There are a number of different ways to lubricate a spur gear, including hydrodynamic journal bearings and self-contained gears.
Addendum circle
The pitch diameter and addendum circle are two important dimensions of a spur gear. These diameters are the overall diameter of the gear and the pitch circle is the circle centered around the root of the gear’s tooth spaces. The addendum factor is a function of the pitch circle and the addendum value, which is the radial distance between the top of the gear tooth and the pitch circle of the mating gear.
The pitch surface is the right-hand side of the pitch circle, while the root circle defines the space between the two gear tooth sides. The dedendum is the distance between the top of the gear tooth and the pitch circle, and the pitch diameter and addendum circle are the two radial distances between these two circles. The difference between the pitch surface and the addendum circle is known as the clearance.
The number of teeth in the spur gear must not be less than 16 when the pressure angle is twenty degrees. However, a gear with 16 teeth can still be used if its strength and contact ratio are within design limits. In addition, undercutting can be prevented by profile shifting and addendum modification. However, it is also possible to reduce the addendum length through the use of a positive correction. However, it is important to note that undercutting can happen in spur gears with a negative addendum circle.
Another important aspect of a spur gear is its meshing. Because of this, a standard spur gear will have a meshing reference circle called a Pitch Circle. The center distance, on the other hand, is the distance between the center shafts of the two gears. It is important to understand the basic terminology involved with the gear system before beginning a calculation. Despite this, it is essential to remember that it is possible to make a spur gear mesh using the same reference circle.
Pitch diameter
To determine the pitch diameter of a spur gear, the type of drive, the type of driver, and the type of driven machine should be specified. The proposed diametral pitch value is also defined. The smaller the pitch diameter, the less contact stress on the pinion and the longer the service life. Spur gears are made using simpler processes than other types of gears. The pitch diameter of a spur gear is important because it determines its pressure angle, the working depth, and the whole depth.
The ratio of the pitch diameter and the number of teeth is called the DIAMETRAL PITCH. The teeth are measured in the axial plane. The FILLET RADIUS is the curve that forms at the base of the gear tooth. The FULL DEPTH TEETH are the ones with the working depth equal to 2.000 divided by the normal diametral pitch. The hub diameter is the outside diameter of the hub. The hub projection is the distance the hub extends beyond the gear face.
A metric spur gear is typically specified with a Diametral Pitch. This is the number of teeth per inch of the pitch circle diameter. It is generally measured in inverse inches. The normal plane intersects the tooth surface at the point where the pitch is specified. In a helical gear, this line is perpendicular to the pitch cylinder. In addition, the pitch cylinder is normally normal to the helix on the outside.
The pitch diameter of a spur gear is typically specified in millimeters or inches. A keyway is a machined groove on the shaft that fits the key into the shaft’s keyway. In the normal plane, the pitch is specified in inches. Involute pitch, or diametral pitch, is the ratio of teeth per inch of diameter. While this may seem complicated, it’s an important measurement to understand the pitch of a spur gear.
Material
The main advantage of a spur gear is its ability to reduce the bending stress at the tooth no matter the load. A typical spur gear has a face width of 20 mm and will fail when subjected to 3000 N. This is far more than the yield strength of the material. Here is a look at the material properties of a spur gear. Its strength depends on its material properties. To find out what spur gear material best suits your machine, follow the following steps.
The most common material used for spur gears is steel. There are different kinds of steel, including ductile iron and stainless steel. S45C steel is the most common steel and has a 0.45% carbon content. This type of steel is easily obtainable and is used for the production of helical, spur, and worm gears. Its corrosion resistance makes it a popular material for spur gears. Here are some advantages and disadvantages of steel.
A spur gear is made of metal, plastic, or a combination of these materials. The main advantage of metal spur gears is their strength to weight ratio. It is about one third lighter than steel and resists corrosion. While aluminum is more expensive than steel and stainless steel, it is also easier to machine. Its design makes it easy to customize for the application. Its versatility allows it to be used in virtually every application. So, if you have a specific need, you can easily find a spur gear that fits your needs.
The design of a spur gear greatly influences its performance. Therefore, it is vital to choose the right material and measure the exact dimensions. Apart from being important for performance, dimensional measurements are also important for quality and reliability. Hence, it is essential for professionals in the industry to be familiar with the terms used to describe the materials and parts of a gear. In addition to these, it is essential to have a good understanding of the material and the dimensional measurements of a gear to ensure that production and purchase orders are accurate.
editor by czh 2023-02-15